Company history
GitHub was developed by Chris Wanstrath, PJ Hyett and Tom Preston-Werner using Ruby on Rails, and started in February 2008. The company, GitHub, Inc., has existed since 2007 and is located in San Francisco.[11]
The shading of the map illustrates the number of users as a proportion of each country's Internet population. The circular charts surrounding the two hemispheres depict the total number of GitHub users (left) and commits (right) per country.
On February 24, 2009, GitHub team members announced, in a talk at Yahoo! headquarters, that within the first year of being online, GitHub had accumulated over 46,000 public repositories, 17,000 of which were formed in the previous month alone. At that time, about 6,200 repositories had been forked at least once and 4,600 had been merged.
On July 5, 2009, GitHub announced that the site was now harnessed by over 100,000 users. On July 27, 2009, in another talk delivered at Yahoo!, Tom Preston-Werner announced that GitHub had grown to host 90,000 unique public repositories, 12,000 having been forked at least once, for a total of 135,000 repositories.[13]
On July 25, 2010, GitHub announced that it was hosting 1 million repositories.[14] On April 20, 2011, GitHub announced that it was hosting 2 million repositories.[15]
On June 2, 2011, ReadWriteWeb reported that GitHub had surpassed SourceForge and Google Code in total number of commits for the period of January to May 2011.[16]
On July 9, 2012, Peter Levine, general partner at GitHub investor Andreessen Horowitz, stated that GitHub had been growing revenue at 300% annually since 2008 "profitably nearly the entire way".[17]
On January 16, 2013, GitHub announced it had passed the 3 million users mark and was then hosting more than 5 million repositories.[18] On December 23, 2013, GitHub announced it had reached 10 million repositories.[19]
In June 2015, GitHub opened an office in Japan that is its first office outside of the U.S.[20]
On July 29, 2015, GitHub announced it had raised $250 million in funding in a round led by Sequoia Capital. The round valued the company at approximately $2 billion.[21]
In 2016, GitHub was ranked No. 14 on the Forbes Cloud 100 list.[22]
On February 28, 2018, GitHub fell victim to the largest distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack in history, with incoming traffic reaching a peak of about 1.35 terabits per second.[23]
On June 19, 2018, GitHub expanded its GitHub Education by offering free education bundles to all schools.[24][25]
Acquisition by Microsoft
On June 4, 2018, Microsoft announced its intent to acquire GitHub for US$7.5 billion. Under Microsoft, the service will be led by Xamarin's Nat Friedman, reporting to Scott Guthrie, executive vice president of Microsoft Cloud and AI. Current CEO Chris Wanstrath will be retained as a "technical fellow", also reporting to Guthrie. Microsoft had become a significant user of GitHub, using it to host open source projects and development tools such as Chakra Core, PowerShell, and Visual Studio Code, and has backed other open source projects such as Linux, and developed Git Virtual File System—a Git extension for managing large-scale repositories (and itself has been adopted by GitHub).[26][27][28]There have been concerns from developers over Microsoft's purchase, citing uneasiness over Microsoft's handling of previous acquisitions, such as Nokia's handset business, LinkedIn and Skype. Some saw this as a culmination of Microsoft's recent changes in business strategy under CEO Satya Nadella, which has seen a larger focus on the sale of cloud computing services as its main line of business, alongside development of and contributions to open source software (such as Linux), as opposed to the Microsoft Windows operating system.[29][27][28] Harvard Business Review argued that Microsoft was intending to acquire GitHub to get access to its userbase, so it can be used as a loss leader to encourage use of its other development products and services.[30]
Concerns over the sale bolstered interest in competitors; both Bitbucket (owned by Atlassian), GitLab (a commercial open source product that also runs a hosted service version) and SourceForge (owned by BIZX, LLC) reported that they had seen spikes in new users intending to migrate projects from GitHub to their respective services.[31][32][33]
Company affairs
Organizational structure
GitHub, Inc. was originally a flat organization with no middle managers; in other words, "everyone is a manager" (self-management).[34] Employees can choose to work on projects that interest them (open allocation). However, salaries are set by the chief executive.[35][needs update]In 2014, GitHub, Inc. introduced a layer of middle management.[36]
Finance
GitHub.com was a start-up business, which in its first years provided enough revenue to be funded solely by its three founders and start taking on employees.[37] In July 2012, four years after the company was founded, Andreessen Horowitz invested $100 million in venture capital.[3] In July 2015 GitHub raised another $250 million of venture capital in a series B round. Investors were Sequoia Capital, Andreessen Horowitz, Thrive Capital and other venture capital funds.[38] As of August 2016, GitHub was making $140 million in Annual Recurring Revenue.[39]Mascot
GitHub's mascot is an anthropomorphized "octocat" with five octopus-like arms.[40][41] The character was created by graphic designer Simon Oxley as clip art to sell on iStock,[42] a website that enables designers to market royalty-free digital images.GitHub became interested in Oxley's work after Twitter selected a bird that he designed for their own logo.[43] The illustration GitHub chose was a character that Oxley had named Octopuss.[42] Since GitHub wanted Octopuss for their logo (a use that the iStock license disallows), they negotiated with Oxley to buy exclusive rights to the image.[42]
GitHub renamed Octopuss to Octocat,[42] and trademarked the character along with the new name.[40] Later, GitHub hired illustrator Cameron McEfee to adapt Octocat for different purposes on the website and promotional materials; McEfee and various GitHub users have since created hundreds of variations of the character.[44][45]
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